Lead Advisory Service Australia
Aims to eliminate lead poisoning, protect the environment from lead
and to strengthen networks of stakeholders to solve lead problems

The LEAD Group Inc
The Lead Education and Abatement Design Group
Working to eliminate lead poisoning globally and to protect the
environment from lead in all its uses: past, current and new uses
ABN 25 819 463 114
LEAD Advisory Service News Vol 1 No 1
The journal of The Lead Advisory Service  ISSN 1440-0561

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如果你住在中国

你的院子是铅安全的吗?

[LID 9604]

这个情况报告书的原文是由米歇尔.卡尔维特和伊丽莎白.奥博良为澳大利亚人民所写的。中国的资料是由修.心禧.朱医生添加的

很少量的铅已经知道会引起严重的长期的健康影响。

 年轻的儿童对于铅暴露特别脆弱。因为他们从手到口的活动和因为他们在花园里玩耍,那里的土壤可能含有铅。请记住:任何人都有可能是铅中毒的。

狭窄的一米宽的环绕房屋地基的长条土地,棚子或车库,(平常指滴水区域)通常被认为最容易找到铅污染的土壤的地方。这支因为含铅的油漆的粹片落到地上,经过多年以后,已经混合到上层的土壤中。这种危险的含铅土壤ˇ§看起来ˇ¨并没有不同,并且也不会ˇ§走开ˇ¨。铅不会被生物降解。需要除去,或使它变成ˇ§铅安全ˇ¨的。

如果你住在繁忙的公路边,或住在一个工业化的区域, 或点源社区.在那里有一个铅矿,或冶炼厂, 或铅工业导致铅污染; 那麽,你的住房的任何一处土壤都可能被污染, 应该加予注意..

铅是如何从土壤中进入你的儿童体内的?

土壤中铅会沾到手指, 玩具和其他物体, 儿童又经常把它们放在自己的嘴里. 这是土壤里的铅进入你的儿童体内的最常见的途径, 土壤里的铅不会通过无破损的皮肤.. 你的土壤里含越多的铅, 这土壤对你的儿童的健康就越有害. 如果这土壤被覆盖,儿童就较少机会接触污物和铅

制造一个障碍物.

最便宜和最容得的方法来控制被污染的土壤是制造一个障碍物.(覆盖裸露的土壤区),这样动物,特别是儿童将不会背暴露于ˇ¨含铅的土壤ˇ¨. 然而,潜在的将来的暴露仍然存在.除非采取完全除去土壤的措施

有一些ˇ¨替代的障碍物ˇ¨已经被证明有效. 如果可能, 首先,把土壤翻起来混合被污染的上层土壤. 然后,ˇ¨绿色ˇ¨的方法.例如在这个区域种草, 盖上一个地面覆盖, 或者种植灌木将会有帮助. 如果你采用棘手或多刺的植物, 儿童在土里玩或宠物在土里躺或挖的机会就会很少。高起的或提高的花园床(用木块,砖头,或灌木岩石等)意味着干净,新鲜的土壤能被用作回填,来覆盖被污染的区域。放一层厚的报纸,和盖7.5厘米(3英寸)的地膜(树脂和树叶),或木粹, 水泥或铺,(查看市政厅有关硬表面的要求.) 粹砖,石渣,或在这个区域筑起围栏,是其他的方法。此外,使用人粪尿作为肥料在中国是一种很普遍的方法.这不仅会引起铅的污染,而且还会引起其他的污染.

另一个在院子里的铅ˇ§热点ˇ¨是屋顶的排水管排水的地方。因为这个地方倾向于不断的受到流水的侵蚀。一个石头或小卵石区将允许水渗出和防止进入土壤。

用任何能够防止进入尘土和污垢的方法

最永久的(和最初昂贵的)障碍物将持续最长久,像地膜,砾石等需要定期的ˇ§加满ˇ¨以维持覆盖。

新南威尔士州环保局对土壤作进一步调查的行动水平是300ppm(百万分之一)

以下是美国环保局对于铅污染的土壤的指导。

裸露土壤的含量

对于儿童会使用的土壤地区。

对于儿童很少和不常接触的土壤地区

400ppm (百万分之一)

400 ˇV 2000ppm

反应行动1

2000 - 5000ppm

反应行动1

反应行动1

Above 5000ppm

反应行动2

反应行动2

这些区域包括住房的后院,日托儿所和学校的院子,操场,公园和其他儿童集合的地区。

推荐的反应行动2

消除土壤,包括除去和替换污染的土壤和永久障碍物(在美国由当地机构发布公告通知污染的公共地区。)

推荐的反应行动2

消除土壤,包括除去和替换污染的土壤和永久障碍物(在美国由当地机构发布公告通知污染的公共地区。)

交通的排放和花园

  如果你住在繁忙的公路边和你的土壤的铅含量已经被含铅的汽油排出的废气所增加,障碍物方法仍然可以应用。加上建造自然的障碍物或墙来防止倒塌。研究表明,自然的障碍物是最好的并且提供其他的环境益处。常绿树木和布满密集的叶面的灌木是最有效的。自天然障碍物因为他们能够吸收一些飘向你的住房的铅尘。

记得种植耐受烟雾的植物。否则你的努力将因植物死亡而荒废。查查你的苗圃看什麽是你地区最好的植物。有人建议常青树木和高大的灌木是白莎莉荆,番樱桃,薄荷柳树,垂枝瓶刷子树,杰克逊港桧松,下垂白千层树,和水胶树。[参考ˇ§种什麽,哪里ˇ¨由澳洲植物研究所,烟雾耐受植物组编写。

玩耍区域

  You can search the Directory of Accredited Laboratories on the  
CNAS website in English at http://219.238.178.49/AccSearchEN.asp?Class=L or in Chinese at http://www.cnas.org.cn/col794/index.htm1?colid=794.

儿童玩耍的地区土壤要检查铅含量,应该远离房屋的滴水区,棚子或车库和繁忙马路。用于砂箱子的沙应该是干净的,没有污染的物质,不用时要能沟被覆盖以防止被污染。当你买沙的时候要问你的供应商是否已经检查过铅和其他的金属。土壤和沙的检测要花费3540澳元。能够在国家检验局认可的土壤检验实验室得到检验。

以下是一些实验室的电话号码:

裸露的土壤区域和污垢的道路的处理方法。

  汽车,小船或大蓬车停在院子里将会破坏覆盖在铅污染的土壤的草皮,这样车道应该限制停车在一个指定的区域,这个区域是铺好的或是砾石复盖的。

宠物

宠物是铅尘的来源,他们通过表皮带入家中。他们应该定期的洗刷表皮。他们也有铅中毒的危险。如果你的宠物被诊断为铅中毒,你的所有家人都要做血铅的检查。

 对菜园的含铅土壤的秘诀

因为铅颗粒的落下,一些地区是不理想种植粮食作物,除非提高土床,定期检测土壤和必要时替换干净的土壤。它们包括周围地区冶炼厂,焚化炉,堆填区,在离繁忙交通要道1020米之内的土地,和靠近天沟落水管的地区或靠进油漆过的建筑物。

城市的花园工要测试土壤以保证铅的含量是可以种食物,或架设这是污染的并采取预防措施。从不明来源运到家里来的土壤可能也需要测试铅和其他金属。

研究表明,一些叶类蔬菜和中草药,从空中以及土壤中收集铅尘比其他蔬菜更容易。永远记住,存储和进食以前,要彻底清洗所有的水果和蔬菜。削去根类蔬菜的外皮。

高度吸收铅

莴苣,菠菜,红萝卜,莴荬菜,水芹,甜菜根

中度吸收铅

洋葱,芥菜,土豆,萝卜

低度吸收铅

玉米,花椰菜,芦笋,芹菜,莓果

非常低度吸收铅

豆类,豌豆,甜瓜,番茄,水果,辣椒

如果您的土壤,是在高有机质和在一个大约中性的酸性水平(即pH值约6.57 ,大部分土壤中的铅将会与土壤颗粒结合,以这种方式防止被合成为成长的粮食作物。如果太酸(低于6.5),你可以调节你的pH 通过加入木灰(但不是油漆过的木头,因为那可能含有铅)或合适的商业添加物。有机物质可以被加入,采用已经混合的厨房的残物肥料。

卫生

  用肥皂洗手,包括指甲下清洗,可以有效的除去铅尘。儿童学习这种方法是特别重要的,以至于在口到手的活动中不会把铅带入体内。确保手彻底擦干,因为湿的手会沾起更多的铅尘。花园的衣服要和其他的衣物分开洗,用高磷酸盐的洗涤剂(如液体糖皂), 洗衣机在再次使用之前要彻底的冲洗(桶,周围,过滤器)以至于避免交叉污染下一次的衣物。

测试你家庭的铅

如果你关心你家庭的任何成员可能已经暴露于铅的环境。请你的医生安排一个学检查。这是唯一的途径,来知道是否有问题。这样,积极的行动才能够开展来减少健康的伤害。

请联系全球铅咨询和支持服务(澳大利亚)如果您想进一步了解情况。电话61 2 9716 0132 ,传真61 2 9716 9005 ,地址: PO Box 161 Summer Hill 2130 NSW Australia, 电子邮箱:请使用表www.lead.org.au/cu.html, 网页:www.lead.org.au.

鸣谢:全球铅咨询和支援服务(GLASS)确认,它已经收到了澳大利亚政府的环境,水,遗产和文化艺术( DEWHA )部的财政和其他支持,来开创这一情况说明书。

声明: 此文中被表达的看法不一定是澳洲的联邦的看法,并且联邦对于此文中的任何信息或忠告不承担责任。

This project was assisted by the NSW Government as part of its Lead Education Program.

你的院子是铅安全的吗  Is_Your_Yard_Lead_Safe?_English.

Is Your Yard Lead Safe? English.html

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The LEAD Group Inc. Fact Sheet Index

NSW Lead Reference Centre and NSW Government Publications On this site

  1. About the Global Lead Advice and Support Service (GLASS)

  2. Main Sources of Lead

  3. How Would You Know If You or Your Child Was lead poisoned?

  4. Lead aware housekeeping

  5. Ceiling dust & lead poisoning

  6. Is your yard lead safe?
    你的院子是铅安全的吗

  7. Health Impacts of lead poisoning

  8. Rotary Questionnaire

  9. Lead poisoned Pets and Your Family

  10. Childhood Lead Poisoning Risk Factor Questionnaire

  11. Is Your Child Safe From Lead? - What Can You Do About Lead?

  12. Lead in Drinking Water in Australia

  13. Have We Really Resolved The Lead Issue?

  14. The Importance of the Availability of "Spot Tests" for Lead in Paint

  15. Pregnant or Planning a Pregnancy

  16. Breastfeeding and Lead

  17. Lead in breast milk

  18. Beware The Lead In Lead Lighting

  19. Renting and Lead

  20. What to do if you have too much lead in your tank water

  21. Lead Contamination in Stormwater

  22. Contamination At Shooting Ranges

  23. Banned: Leaded Wick Candles

  24. Lead, Ageing and Death
    铅,衰老和死亡

  25. Metal miniatures: How to minimise the risks of lead poisoning and contamination

  26. 7 Point Plan for the MANAGEMENT OF LEAD by Australian parents and carers

  27. Countries where Leaded Petrol is Possibly Still Sold for Road Use, As at 17th June 2011

  28. Lead Poisoning And The Brain - Cognitive Deficits And Mental Illness

  29. Facts and Firsts of Lead

  30. Lead mining royalties by state and territory

  31. Lead Mining Stewardship - Grey Lead and the Role of The LEAD Group

  32. Preventative Strategies of The LEAD Group

  33. What do Doctors need to do about Lead?

  34. A Naturopath's Experience Of Lead & People With Diagnosed Mental Illness

  35. Case File: Helping Manage Australian Lead in Petrol - How GLASS Works

  36. Glass Web & Service-Users, Experts & Volunteers, by Country; Countries with Leaded Petrol for Road Use & Worst Pollution

  37. Lead in ceiling dust

  38. Lead paint & ceiling dust management - how to do it lead-safely

  39. Esperance parliamentary inquiry follow-up factsheet: Where to from Here??
    埃斯佩兰斯议会调查后续情况说明书:从这里去哪里??

  40. Broken Hill lead miners factsheet 1893 with Note 20081015

  41. Helping a Doctor Help 35,000 Lead-Poisoned People Around the Lead Smelter at La Oroya in Peru
    Ayuda a un doctor que ayuda 35,000 personas envenenadas por plomo alrededor de la fundidora de plomo en la Oroya-Peru
    案例档案:帮助一个医生救助在秘鲁的拉奥罗亚的铅冶炼厂周围的35000铅中毒的人民ˇX全球铅咨询和支持的服务机构是怎末工作的

  42. Fact sheet for Australian toy importers and traders

  43. Iron Nutrition & Lead Toxicity
    Informe de Acciones ˇV Hierro y Plomo en la Nutrición
    情况说明书ˇX铁的营养和铅的毒性

  44. Sanitarium-Are You getting Enough Iron

  45. Do-It-Yourself-Lead-Safe-Test-Kits-flyer

  46. Blood lead testing: who to test, when, and how to respond to the result

  47. Dangers of a blood lead level above 2 µg/dL and below 10 µg/dL to both adults and children
    血铅水平高于
    2微克/分升和低于10微克/分升对予成人和儿童的危险。

  48. Lead Exposure & Alzheimerˇ¦s Disease: Is There A Link?

  49. In CHINA - Blood lead testing: who to test, when, and how to respond to the result
    在中国血铅测试:谁应该去检查,什么时候,如何对待不同的测试结果

  50. Why you should have your ceiling dust removed before you take advantage of the Australian government's Energy Efficient Homes Package: Insulation Program

  51. Alperstein et al Lead Alert - A Guide For Health Professionals 1994

  52. Ceiling Dust WorkCover Guide Lee Schreiber Final Nov 1999

  53. What can I do about climate change AND lead?

  54. The Need for Expert Clinical Assessments in Diagnosis Of Heavy Metal Poisoning

  55. Why you should have your ceiling dust removed before you have insulation installed

  56. Thirty Thought-Starters on Ceiling Void Dust in Homes

  57. Pectin: Panacea for both lead poisoning and lead contamination

  58. Nutrients that reduce lead poisoning June 2010

  59. Lead poisoning and menopause

  60. Fact sheet For Schoolkids From Professor Knowlead About Lead

  61. Prevention of Exposure to Lead at Work in Indonesia

  62. Mencegah kontak dengan timbal di tempat kerja di Indonesia

  63. How to Protect Your Family from Lead in Indonesia

  64. Bagaimana melindungi keluargamu dari timbal di Indonesia

  65. Cigarette Smoking & Lead Toxicity
     صحيفة معلومات: التدخين والتسمم بالرصاص

  66. Medical Evaluation Questionnaire For Occupational Lead Exposure

  67. Dangers of a blood lead level above 2 µg/dL and below 10 µg/dL to children

  68. Dangers of a blood lead level above 2 µg/dL and below 10 µg/dL to adults

  69. Biosolids used as fertilizer in China and other countries
    在中国和其他国家生物固体作肥料

  70. What are the lead poisoning risks of a lead pellet, bullet or shot lodged in the body?

  71. Alcoholˇ¦s link to higher lead and iron levels

  72. USA Case Definition of Adult (including Occupational) & Child Elevated Blood Lead Levels (EBLL)

  73. Low Level Lead Exposure Harms Children - A Renewed Call for Primary Prevention

  74. Occupational Health & Safety Fact Sheet Dangers of lead for roofers

  75. Letˇ¦s Make Leaded Petrol History - Letˇ¦s Make Leaded Gasoline History

  76. Lead, Your Health & the Environment. Available in Arabic, Chinese, English, Korean, Macedonian, Spanish, Turkish and Vietnamese 

  77. Lead Safe Housekeeping

  78. Old Lead Paint

  79. Working safely with lead

  80. A Renovator's Guide To The Dangers Of Lead (Brochure 30 pages)

  81. A Guide For Health Care Professionals (Brochure 34 pages)

  82. A Guide To Keeping Your Family Safe From Lead (Brochure 20 pages)

  83. Lead Hazard Management In Children's Services (Brochure 15 pages)

  84. A Guide To Dealing With Soil That Might Be Lead-Contaminated

  85. Exposure Assessment: Lead Neurotoxicity - Is the Center for Disease Control's goal to reduce lead below 10 µg/dl blood in all children younger than 72 months by 2010, good enough?

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