, 2001, ISSN 1324-6011
Incorporating Lead Aware Times ( ISSN 1440-4966) and Lead Advisory Service News (
ISSN 1440-0561)
The Journal of The LEAD (Lead Education
and Abatement Design) Group Inc.
Fully Referenced Expanded Version of
"New strategies needed to cut lead pollution",
Guest Article, Science and Technology Column, Canberra Times
Thursday 25th January 2001
Lead -
From The Petrol Bowser To Blood And Bone - part 9
by Elizabeth O'Brien, National
Coordinator of The LEAD Group and
Mariann Lloyd-Smith, Coordinator
of the National Toxics Network
A RESPONSE TO: "Lead may be
dead but we've been had"
AIP (Australian Institute of
Petroleum Ltd), "Estimated Relative Benzene Exhaust Emissions from Australian Car
Fleet", Fax sent to Elizabeth O'Brien in 1994 by AIP, Melbourne
AIP, FACTSHEET "Benzene
in Petrol", (Available at www.aip.com.au -
Education site, On-line resources, Petroleum Topics) 1995, Melbourne
AIP, Pre-1985 Cars Suited to
Unleaded Petrol ["The List"] - Supplement to AIP News, July-August 1992,
Melbourne
American Academy of Neurology, MEDIA
RELEASE: On-the-Job Lead Exposure Could Increase Alzheimer's Risk, 3rd May
2000
Annest, JL, GRAPH: Change in
Blood Lead Levels in Relation to a Decline in Use of Leaded Gasoline, 1976-1980, from Trends
in the blood lead levels of the US population, in "Lead versus Health"
edited by M Rutter and RR Jones, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester and New York, pp33-58June
1983
Annest, Joseph L; Pirkle, James L; Makuc, Diane;
Neese, Jane; Bayse, David; & Kovar, Mary Grace, Chronological Trend
In Blood Lead Levels Between 1976 And 1980, The New England Journal Of Medicine Vol
308 No 23, 9th June 1983
Associated Octel, Associated
Octel: Fuel Composition Analysis and Information, 1995, South Wirral, UK
Associated Octel, NEWSLETTER:
Petroleum, Air Quality and Health - Firm Evidence of unleaded's greater carcinogenic
content, 1995, South Wirral, UK
Associated Octel, PAMPHLET:
Petrol - Facing Reality, 1995, South Wirral, UK
Associated Octel, PAMPHLET:
Petrol and the Air You Breathe, 1995, South Wirral, UK
Balzer, Dr Ben, Lead Poisoning -
[PowerPoint Presentation] on The LEAD Group's website at www.lead.org.au/bblp/sld012.htm
September, 2000, Sydney
Brown, Craig (1996) "Question:
Will Lead-Paint Litigation Be as Big as Asbestos? Answer: We Can Only Hope it Will Be That
Small" in For the Record published by Luce, Forward, Hamilton and Scripps,
Vol 11, No 1, Spring 1996
CEPA (Commonwealth Environment
Protection Authority), Roundtable Conference on Lead - First Meeting - Lead in Petrol:
Options Paper - 29 July, 1993a, Canberra
Chiaradia, Massimo; Gulson, Brian L;
James, M; Jameson, CW; and Johnson, D, Identification Of Secondary Lead Sources In The
Air Of An Urban Environment, Atmospheric Environment Vol 31 No 21, August 1997
Cox, Anthony; Beil, Stuart; and
Neck, Moston, "The OECD Risk Reduction Strategy for Lead: An Economic Perspective
- ABARE [Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics] Research Report
94.12", Commonwealth of Australia, 1994, Canberra
Cribb, Julian, Death Comes in an
Invisible Chemical Soup in LEAD Action News Vol 2 No 4 p4 Spring, 1994, published by
The LEAD Group Inc., Sydney
Cribb, Julian, Toxic Lead Deaths
Overtake Road Toll, The Australian, 8th Sept 1993. Reprinted in LEAD Action News, vol
3 no 3, Winter, 1995, published by The LEAD Group Inc., Sydney
Donovan, John, Lead in Australian
Children - Report On The National Survey Of Lead In Australian Children, AIHW
(Australian Institute of Health & Welfare), 1996, Canberra
EPA (Environment Protection
Authority) NSW, FACTSHEET: Unleaded Petrol and Pre-1986 vehicles, 1994, Sydney
Fett MJ; Mira M; Smith J; Alperstein
G; Causer J; Brokenshire T; Gulson B; Cannata S, Community Prevalence Survey Of
Children's Blood Lead Levels And Environmental Lead Contamination In Inner Sydney, MJA
[Medical Journal of Australia], Vol 157, 441-445, 5th October 1992
Gidlow, Dr David, Company Medical
Officer, Associated Octel, Gasoline Composition: No Such Thing as "Green"
Fuel letter to Consumer's Health Forum of Australia, March 24, 1995, South Wirral, UK
Gilchrist, Gavin and Beale, Bob, Lead
Damaging IQ's of 75000 children, Sydney Morning Herald, 29th March 1996,
Sydney
Gordon, Theresa, No-LEAD, Letter
to Environment Minister Ros Kelly seeking a national lead strategy and international
cooperative lead risk reduction strategy, 10th May, 1992, Newcastle NSW
Greenpeace Australia Ltd, Briefing
Notes - LEAD IN AUSTRALIA: The Poisoning of Our Children - The need for urgent coordinated
activity by the Australian Federal government, May 1992, Sydney
Greenway RD, Leaded vs Unleaded
in "Pacific Ultralights Monthly" magazine, early 1998
Gulson, B.L., Jameson, C.W.,
Mahaffey, K.R., Mizon, K.J., Korsch, M.J., Vimpani G. Pregnancy increases mobilization
of lead from maternal skeleton. J. Lab Clin Med., 130, 51-62. (MRF/926) 1997
Gulson,B.L., Jameson, C.W.,
Mahaffey, K.R., Mizon, K.J., Korsch, M.J., Cameron, M.A., Vimpani, G.,
Eisman, J.A. Mobilisation
of lead from the skeleton during the post-natal period is larger than during pregnancy.
J Lab Clin Med., 131, 324-329. (MRF/955) 1998
Hill, Senator Hon. Robert, LETTER:
$15,000 Grant is Appropriate Funding Level for the Lead Advisory Service Australia, 1st
December 2000, Canberra
ILZRO (International Lead Zinc
Research Organisation Inc.), Figure 57 - Blood Lead Levels United States - blood lead
values taken from literature referenced in Appendix A: US Blood Lead Literature Data 1935
- 1990, from "Risk Reduction Monograph No. 1: Lead", 1993, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina
ILZRO, Lead in Gasoline -
Environmental Issues, 1991, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
IOMC (Inter-Organisation Programme
for Sound Management of Chemicals for the United Nations Environment Program,
UNITAR,
UNICEF, WHO, FAO, UNIDO & OECD), Global Opportunities for Reducing the Use of
Leaded Gasoline, 1998
Kelly, Ros, Minister for the
Environment, Sport and Territories, Roundtable Conference on Lead in Petrol - Opening
Address - Canberra 29 July 1993
LEAD Group, The, MEDIA
RELEASE: Green Games Sham - Visitors Will Breathe Leaded Air - Why? [Including List of 55
Countries that will Ban Leaded Petrol Before Australia Does], 30th August
2000, Sydney
LEAD Group, The, MEDIA RELEASE:
Helping At Least 75,000 Lead Poisoned Australian Children Not Worth $150,000 To The
Federal Government, 31st May 1996, Sydney
Lead Roundtable Agreements - 29th
July 1993, Parliament House, Canberra.
Lovei, Magda (1998) "Phasing
Out Lead From Gasoline" World Bank Technical Paper No. 397 - Pollution Management
Series, The World Bank, 1998, Washington, DC
McKinney, Merritt, Lead Exposure
Speeds Up Brain Aging, Reuters Health - 24th October 2000
Mendelsohn, A; Dreyer, B;
Fierman, A; Rosen, CM; Legano, LA; Kruger, HA; Lim, SW; and Courtlandt, CD, Low-Level Lead Exposure And
Behavior In Early Childhood, Pediatrics
Vol. 101 No. 3 March
1, 1998 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/101/3/e10.full
Mira, Michael; Bawden-Smith, Jason;
Causer, Jane; Alperstein, Garth; Karr, Margaret; Snitch Peter; Waller, Graeme & Fett,
Michael, Blood Lead Concentrations Of Preschool Children In Central And Southern Sydney,
MJA, Vol 164, 1st April 1996
Moss, Mark E; Lanphear, Bruce P; and
Auinger, Peggy, Association Of Dental Caries And Blood Lead Levels, JAMA Vol. 281
No 24 p 2294 -2298, 23rd June 1999
Needleman, Herbert L; Riess, Julie
A; Tobin, Michael J; Biesecher, Gretchen E; & Greenhouse, Joel B, Bone Lead Levels
And Delinquent Behaviour, JAMA [Journal of the American Medical Association] Vol 275,
No. 5. 2nd July 1996
Needleman, Prof Herbert (editor), Human
Lead Exposure, CRC Press, 1992, Florida
NHMRC (National Health and Medical
Research Council), Summary Statement Of The 115th Session Of The NHMRC, 2 June 1993
regarding revision of the 1987 (103rd session) Guidelines for lead in Australians,
1993, Canberra
NRC (National Research Council), Measuring
Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations, National Academy
Press, 1993, Washington, DC
NRMA (National Roads and Motorists
Association), Unleaded Petrol - Is it Dangerous? in "Open Road", May -
June 1996, p39, Sydney
O'Brien, Elizabeth, The LEAD Group
Inc. Letter to Environment Minister Ros Kelly seeking a national strategy to eliminate
childhood lead poisoning, 19th May, 1992, Sydney
OECD (Organisation for Economic
Cooperation & Development), RESTRICTED Draft Co-Operation on Existing Chemicals:
Risk Reduction Lead Country Report On Lead, 21st May 1991, Paris
OECD, RESTRICTEDDraft
Risk Reduction Strategies for Lead, 10th November 1992, Paris
OECD, Risk Reduction Monograph
No. 1: Lead, 1993, Paris
Pirkle, MD, James L. PhD; Brody,
Debra J. MPH; Gunter; Elaine W; Kramer, Rachel A. ScD; Paschal, Daniel C. PhD;
Flegal,
Katherine M. PhD, MPH; Matte, Thomas D. MD, MPH (1994), The Decline in Blood Lead
Levels in the United States - The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
(NHANES), p284 JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association), July 1994 - Vol
272, No. 4.
Schwartz, BS; Stewart, WF; Bolla, KI; Simon, D;
Bandeen-Roche, K; Gordon, B; Links, JM; & Todd, AC, Past adult lead
exposure is associated with longitudinal decline in cognitive function, Neurology 55,
October 2000
Schwartz, Joel; Pitcher, Hugh;
Levin, Ronnie; Ostro, Bart; Nichols, Albert L, Costs And Benefits Of Reducing Lead In
Gasoline: Final Regulatory Impact Analysis, US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency),
February 1985, Washington DC
Tanner, Lindsey, Lead Standards
May Be Too High - Studies Say Exposure May Be Worse Than We Thought, Spokesman Review,
Associated Press, 28 May 2000
Thomas, Valerie M, Center for Energy
and Environmental Studies, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, The Elimination
of Lead in Gasoline, Annual Review of Energy and the
Environment, Vol. 20: 301-324 (Volume publication date November 1995)
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.eg.20.110195.001505.
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.eg.20.110195.001505
Thomas, Valerie M; Socolow, Robert
H; Fanelli, James J; and Spiro, Thomas G, Effects Of Reducing Lead In Gasoline: An
Analysis Of The International Experience, Environmental Science & Technology Vol
33 N0 22 pp3942-7, 1999
WHO (World Health Organisation), IPCS
(International Program on Chemical Safety) - Environmental Health Criteria for Inorganic
Lead - First Draft, November 1992, Geneva.