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以下列出的铅中毒的症状和作用已经被编辑用来提醒人们为了防止进一步的铅中毒，更多的血铅检测必须及时做完。在每个症状或者作用出现以后，【数字】提示涉及该作用的出版物。在几千个已经发表的出版物的至今只有61个出版物被检查过。 更多的将被复查。 这个列表更新是在时间许可下完成。

神经系统：

• 脑病 (1, 2, 3, 4, 20, 35)

• 急性脑病 (11)

• 改变发育中的大脑的功能 (16)

• 改变的脑电图表现 (16)

• 惊厥 (1, 2, 3, 4)

• 脑瘫 (1)

• 神经传导递质的释放受阻 (11)

周围神经系统

• 周围神经紊乱【减低的触觉敏感性】 (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 18)

• 减慢的神经传导速度【减慢的传导时间】 (2, 14, 18, 35, 39, 58)

• 脚/手下垂 (1, 3)

• 涉及平衡的本体感受通路改变 (2)

• 头晕 (1,  4, 38)

生长和发育

• 延迟的神经发育[如坐立， 走步， 讲话] (2, 58)

• 身材和成长率下降 (1,  2, 3, 18, 35, 39)

• 脑垂体-甲状腺内分泌系统障碍 (18, 21)

• 晚年的骨质疏松 (43)

• 体重下降 (58, 60)

• 青春期延迟 (60)

• 减少新生儿的生长发育 (60)

认知的发育

• 智商水平下降 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 15, 24, 35, 36, 39, 41, 58)

• 认知功能缺失 (2, 26, 33)

• 口头功能/语言功能缺失 ( 2, 14, 15)

• 学习困难 (11, 15, 35)

• 减低的教育表现 (35)

• 减低的阅读， 数学， 非口头推理的能力和短期记忆， 甚至出现在在血铅水平小于10ug/dL (41)

• 自闭症 (7) 出现在具有基因遗传倾向的儿童同伴有金属硫蛋白功能障碍症 (42)

行为

• 侵略性，暴力，敌意，反社会或犯罪行为 behaviour (8, 26)

• 注意问题，注意力分散， 烦躁不安 (8, 12, 15, 21, 38, 58)

• 外向和内向行为 (8)

• 多动行为，难以管理 (1, 2, 8)

• 不适当的/无法控制的行为类似注意力缺失功能障碍行为， 增加的发生率 (2, 11)

• 易激 (1, 38)

• 嗜睡 (1)

• 增加的学校旷课 (35)

听力

• 听力障碍， 听觉敏感性减低 (2, 3, 5, 10, 14, 18, 21, 26, 32, 35, 39, 58)

• 听觉诱发反应模式改变 (2)

• 听觉处理改变 (2, 10)

视力

• 视网膜变性 (6, 10)

• 杆状细胞光感受器敏感性降低 (10)

• 感知功能缺失 (2, 21)

• 视-空间技能不足[如拼图] (15)

运动和肌肉

• 视-运动技能缺失【手-眼协调功能】 (2, 3, 15, 26)

• 精细运动障碍 (1,  2, 3)

• 运动功能缺失 (2)

• 肌肉力量和耐力受损 (26)

• 瘫痪 (3)

• 躯体疼痛【酸痛】 (8, 38)

消化系统

• 维生素D代谢障碍【影响骨重塑， 矿物质吸收和钙摄取。】 (2, 3, 6, 18, 24, 35, 38,  39, 58)

• 绞痛 (3, 25, 35)

• 食欲丧失 (1, 2)

• 呕吐 (1, 4)

• 便秘,腹泻,厌食 (38, 58)

• 腹部痉挛 (39, 58)

腎的（肾脏）血液和循环

• 肾脏疾病-急性肾病 (14, 21, 35, 38, 58)

• 昆士兰肾炎 (14)

• 贫血 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 35, 38, 58)

死亡 (1, 2, 3, 4, 19, 35, 46, 58)

围产期发育和生殖健康的影响

胎儿

• 植入前损失 (3)

• 流产，死产，新生儿死亡 (2, 3, 4, 5, 18, 20, 24, 31, 47)

• 胎龄缩小，早产 (1, 2, 3, 5, 18, 24)

• 降低胎儿体重 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 18, 19)

• 轻度先天性/染色体异常 (2, 3, 4, 18, 31)

• 生殖异常; 障碍 (5, 13, 38)

• 胎盘功能降低 (19)

• 铅通过胎盘传递给母亲的胎儿 (39, 58)

• 减少胎儿生长 (60)

---

成人

• 改变睾丸功能 (24)

• 低精液量【低精子数量】 (3, 5, 19, 47)

• 无精子症【精子无力】 (3, 5, 20)

• 畸胎精症[精子异常] (3, 5, 31)

• 勃起功能障碍，阳痿 (3, 40)

• 血清睾酮降低 (3)

• 精液中含有铅的存在 (31)

• 对垂体的影响 (31)

• 绝育，不育 (5, 31, 35, 39, 58)

• 对卵巢的影响 (19)

• 性欲减退/性行为减少 (2, 21, 31)

• 阳痿 (31)

• 延迟受孕时间 (60)

肾脏

• 肾脏损伤 (2, 3, 5, 13, 14, 21, 23, 24, 28, 30, 34, 39, 58)

• 慢性铅性肾病[肾脏病] (2, 3, 14, 21, 22, 24, 38, 58)

• 死于肾小球肾炎[肾脏炎症] (29, 30)

• Fanconi综合征 (14)

• 痛风 (2, 3, 14)

• 肾性高血压 (17)

• 减低的肾小球滤过率和增加的肌酐血浓度 (23)

神经系统

• 脑病【脑的疾病】 (2, 4, 20, 24, 25, 34)

• 脑血管病， 中风， 脑出血 (2, 27, 28, 29, 30)

• 精神运动性障碍 (13, 34)

• 周围神经系统 (13, 24, 40, 47)

• 周围动脉疾病[PAD] (53, 54)

• 神经传导速度减慢[反应时间减慢] (2, 34, 58)

• 震颤 (25, 26, 38, 40, 55)

• 感觉异常，瘫痪 (25)

心脏血管和血液循环

• 高血压，血压升高 (2, 14, 17, 22, 35, 38, 40, 58)

• 男性收缩压增加 (35)

• 心脏毒性效应 (14)

• 心血管疾病的风险增加 (17)

• 冠状动脉疾病 (2)

• 贫血; 血红蛋白浓度下降 (2, 3, 5, 13, 24, 35, 38, 39, 47, 58)

• 血小板功能障碍 (2)

• 增加红细胞[红细胞]原卟啉 (35)

• 尿中ALA增加 (34)

• 尿中原卟啉增加 (34)

• 心脏病发作或中风早期死亡的风险增加 (46)

• 左心室肥大 (61)

• 外周动脉疾病 (61)

• 心电图异常 (61)

• 促进动脉粥样硬化（动脉斑块积聚）和血栓形成（形成血凝块) (61)

• 缺血性心脏病 (61)

智力和精神

• 抑郁症 (2, 13, 38)

• 焦虑 (38)

• 个性改变 (34)

• 死于暴力，自杀，事故 (29)

• 注意力集中障碍 (19, 25, 34, 38)

• 短期记忆力缺失 (2, 13, 19, 34, 38)

• 认知功能缺陷 (58)

• 氧化应激 (61)

行为

• 疲劳，肌肉疲劳 (2, 19, 25, 34, 38, 47)

• 睡眠障碍，失眠 (19)

• 烦躁不安，激动，不安，侵略性 (2, 13, 19, 24, 34, 47, 58)

感觉

• 视觉运动协调异常 (2)

• 精细运动控制异常 (2)

• 视力不足 (2)

• 听力损失 (18, 35, 39, 47, 58)

• 躯体感觉能障碍[例如检测振动，温度变化的缺陷] (2, 23)

 胃肠道/消化道

• 对胃肠道的影响 (24)

• 食欲不振 (19, 40)

• 恶心 (19)

• 便秘，腹泻 (25, 38)

• 腹痛，痉挛 (25, 34, 40, 47)

• 体重减轻，厌食 (25, 38)

骨骼，肌肉和关节

• 骨髓改建 (21)

• 肌痛[肌肉疼痛] (25, 38, 40, 58)

• 臀部疼痛和腿部抽筋作为外周动脉疾病[PAD]的早期阶段的症状 (53, 54)

• 肌无力 (34, 38, 39, 40, 47)

• 关节痛[关节疼痛] (25, 38, 40, 47)

• 妇女更年期期间的骨铅动员导致神经认知表现下降，和收缩压增高在经绝期的妇女 (44)

• 手腕下垂[无法握住手伸展] (47)

• 长期效应：与骨质疏松症相关，骨密度下降症状和骨折风险增加，也会抑制正常骨折愈合 (48, 49 ,50, 51, 52)

其他

• 头痛 (2, 19, 21, 40, 47)

• 减少寿命 (35, 39)

• 肾上腺功能障碍 (38)

• 牙龈附近有蓝黑线 (38, 40, 9.)

• 苍白 (40)

• 细胞损伤（男性血铅水平介于20至30μg/ dL之间，女性介于10至20μg/ dL之间) (39)

• 可能的人类致癌物 (56, 57)

死亡 (2, 4, 19, 39, 46)

• 增加早期死亡于癌症和所有其他疾病的风险 (46)

从动物研究中得到的铅的影响

• 灵长类动物的注意力，学习和短期记忆受损 (12)

• 行为障碍; 灵长类动物行为改变的不灵活性 (12)

• 中等水平的血压升高 (17)

• 喂食铅的大鼠新生儿的免疫系统受损[对哮喘的易感性更大] (37, 45)

• 喂养铅的母亲所生的大鼠肿瘤（癌症）的发病率增加 (45)

• 改变对兴奋剂药物的反应; 药物诱导的大鼠高活动度减弱 (2)

• 致畸效应引起的出生畸形 (4)

• 低骨密度在实验室动物如小鼠， 和铅诱导的骨质疏松症导致的骨折不能适当的愈合 (52)

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57. National Toxicology Program (of the US department of Health and Human Services) 13th Report on Carcinogens  October 2, 2014 http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc/roc13/index.html

58. Dr. Ben Balzer,Lead Poisoning Slide Show, 6 September 2000 www.lead.org.au/bblp/bblp.html

59. Menke, A, Muntner, P, Batuman, V, Silbergeld, EK, and Guallar, E. 2004. Blood Lead Below 0.48 µmol/L (10 µg/dL) and Mortality Among US Adults. Circulation - Journal of the American Heart Association 114:1388. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628321v1 [LID 8599]

60. National Toxicology Program (NTP). NTP Monograph on Health Effects of Low-Level Lead. U.S Department of Health and Services 2012 [LID 15884]

61. Lanphear B, Rauch S, Auinger P, Allen R, Hornung R, Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Public Health 2018 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(18)30025-2/fulltext [LID 18948]

Contents | Previous Item | Next Item

The LEAD Group Inc. Fact Sheet Index

NSW Lead Reference Centre and NSW Government Publications On this site

1. About the Global Lead Advice and Support Service (GLASS)

2. Main Sources of Lead

3. How Would You Know If You or Your Child Was lead poisoned?

4. Lead aware housekeeping

5. Ceiling dust & lead poisoning

6. Is your yard lead safe?
   你的院子是铅安全的吗

7. Health Impacts of lead poisoning
   铅中毒对健康的影响

8. Rotary Questionnaire

9. Lead poisoned Pets and Your Family

10. Childhood Lead Poisoning Risk Factor Questionnaire

11. Is Your Child Safe From Lead? - What Can You Do About Lead?

12. Lead in Drinking Water in Australia

13. Have We Really Resolved The Lead Issue?

14. The Importance of the Availability of "Spot Tests" for Lead in Paint

15. Pregnant or Planning a Pregnancy

16. Breastfeeding and Lead

17. Lead in breast milk

18. Beware The Lead In Lead Lighting

19. Renting and Lead

20. What to do if you have too much lead in your tank water

21. Lead Contamination in Stormwater

22. Contamination At Shooting Ranges

23. Banned: Leaded Wick Candles

24. Lead, Ageing and Death
    铅，衰老和死亡

25. Metal miniatures: How to minimise the risks of lead poisoning and contamination

26. 7 Point Plan for the MANAGEMENT OF LEAD by Australian parents and carers

27. Countries where Leaded Petrol is Possibly Still Sold for Road Use, As at 17^th June 2011

28. Lead Poisoning And The Brain - Cognitive Deficits And Mental Illness

29. Facts and Firsts of Lead

30. Lead mining royalties by state and territory

31. Lead Mining Stewardship - Grey Lead and the Role of The LEAD Group

32. Preventative Strategies of The LEAD Group

33. What do Doctors need to do about Lead?

34. A Naturopath's Experience Of Lead & People With Diagnosed Mental Illness

35. Case File: Helping Manage Australian Lead in Petrol - How GLASS Works

36. Glass Web & Service-Users, Experts & Volunteers, by Country; Countries with Leaded Petrol for Road Use & Worst Pollution

37. Lead in ceiling dust

38. Lead paint & ceiling dust management - how to do it lead-safely

39. Esperance parliamentary inquiry follow-up factsheet: Where to from Here??
    埃斯佩兰斯议会调查后续情况说明书：从这里去哪里？？

40. Broken Hill lead miners factsheet 1893 with Note 20081015

41. Helping a Doctor Help 35,000 Lead-Poisoned People Around the Lead Smelter at La Oroya in Peru
    Ayuda a un doctor que ayuda 35,000 personas envenenadas por plomo alrededor de la fundidora de plomo en la Oroya-Peru
    案例档案：帮助一个医生救助在秘鲁的拉奥罗亚的铅冶炼厂周围的35，000铅中毒的人民—全球铅咨询和支持的服务机构是怎末工作的

42. Fact sheet for Australian toy importers and traders

43. Iron Nutrition & Lead Toxicity
    Informe de Acciones – Hierro y Plomo en la Nutrición
    情况说明书—铁的营养和铅的毒性

44. Sanitarium-Are You getting Enough Iron

45. Do-It-Yourself-Lead-Safe-Test-Kits-flyer

46. Blood lead testing: who to test, when, and how to respond to the result

47. Dangers of a blood lead level above 2 µg/dL and below 10 µg/dL to both adults and children
    血铅水平高于2微克/分升和低于10微克/分升对予成人和儿童的危险。

48. Lead Exposure & Alzheimer’s Disease: Is There A Link?

49. In CHINA - Blood lead testing: who to test, when, and how to respond to the result
    在中国血铅测试：谁应该去检查，什么时候，如何对待不同的测试结果

50. Why you should have your ceiling dust removed before you take advantage of the Australian government's Energy Efficient Homes Package: Insulation Program

51. Alperstein et al Lead Alert - A Guide For Health Professionals 1994

52. Ceiling Dust WorkCover Guide Lee Schreiber Final Nov 1999

53. What can I do about climate change AND lead?

54. The Need for Expert Clinical Assessments in Diagnosis Of Heavy Metal Poisoning

55. Why you should have your ceiling dust removed before you have insulation installed

56. Thirty Thought-Starters on Ceiling Void Dust in Homes

57. Pectin: Panacea for both lead poisoning and lead contamination

58. Nutrients that reduce lead poisoning June 2010

59. Lead poisoning and menopause

60. Fact sheet For Schoolkids From Professor Knowlead About Lead

61. Prevention of Exposure to Lead at Work in Indonesia

62. Mencegah kontak dengan timbal di tempat kerja di Indonesia

63. How to Protect Your Family from Lead in Indonesia

64. Bagaimana melindungi keluargamu dari timbal di Indonesia

65. Cigarette Smoking & Lead Toxicity
     صحيفة معلومات: التدخين والتسمم بالرصاص

66. Medical Evaluation Questionnaire For Occupational Lead Exposure

67. Dangers of a blood lead level above 2 µg/dL and below 10 µg/dL to children

68. Dangers of a blood lead level above 2 µg/dL and below 10 µg/dL to adults

69. Biosolids used as fertilizer in China and other countries
    在中国和其他国家用生物固体作肥料

70. What are the lead poisoning risks of a lead pellet, bullet or shot lodged in the body?

71. Alcohol’s link to higher lead and iron levels

72. USA Case Definition of Adult (including Occupational) & Child Elevated Blood Lead Levels (EBLL)

73. Low Level Lead Exposure Harms Children - A Renewed Call for Primary Prevention

74. Occupational Health & Safety Fact Sheet Dangers of lead for roofers

75. Let’s Make Leaded Petrol History - Let’s Make Leaded Gasoline History

76. Lead, Your Health & the Environment. Available in Arabic, Chinese, English, Korean, Macedonian, Spanish, Turkish and Vietnamese 

77. Lead Safe Housekeeping

78. Old Lead Paint

79. Working safely with lead

80. A Renovator's Guide To The Dangers Of Lead (Brochure 30 pages)

81. A Guide For Health Care Professionals (Brochure 34 pages)

82. A Guide To Keeping Your Family Safe From Lead (Brochure 20 pages)

83. Lead Hazard Management In Children's Services (Brochure 15 pages)

84. A Guide To Dealing With Soil That Might Be Lead-Contaminated

85. Exposure Assessment: Lead Neurotoxicity - Is the Center for Disease Control's goal to reduce lead below 10 µg/dl blood in all children younger than 72 months by 2010, good enough?

86. Foods for Lead Detox - Foods which Fight Lead Poisoning
    Alimentos para la Desintoxicación de Plomo - Alimentos que Luchan contra el Envenenamiento con Plomo

87. Veganism - How do you obtain all the nutrients from a vegan diet that are important to lead exposed individuals?

88. Blood Lead Challenge - Take the blood lead discovery and reporting challenge;
    El Desafío del Plomo en la Sangre - Descubra el nivel de plomo en la sangre y desafíe las estadisticas;
    Défi de Plomb dans le sang - Partez à la découverte de plomb dans votre sang et informez nous:

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