Lead and
Neurodevelopment
v Each 0.48 µmol/L(10µg/dL) in children.
v    = 4 to 7 IQ points (US Acad. Pediatrics).
v Industry/ Australian government consensus
of 3-5 IQ points.
v Effects on behaviour are FAR WORSE.
v Delinquency rates are 8 times higher in the top 30%
of bone lead. Needleman 1996.
Needleman, Herbert L. et al, "Bone Lead Levels and Delinquent Behavior," JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION Vol. 275, No. 5 (February 7, 1996), pgs.363-369.
v Measurable adverse behaviour changes in 2 year olds
Mendelsohn 1999. Alan L. Mendelsohn, Benard P. Dreyer, Arthur H. Fierman, Carolyn M.
Rosen, Lori A. Legano, Hillary A. Kruger, Sylvia W. Lim, and Cheryl D. Courtlandt "Low-Level Lead Exposure
and Behavior in Early Childhood“ Pediatrics 1998; 101: e10
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